Lake Ice and 
Snow Science 

| WHY STUDY LAKE ICE AND SNOW? | BASIC CONCEPTS | LAKE ICE | SNOW | QUIZ |
navigation menu
white space
Back to Top
| Formation | Metamorphism | Conductive Heat Flow | Other Properties |

SNOW: Equi-temperature Metamorphism (ET)

ET metamorphosis occurs:

  • in snowpacks that are nearly isothermal or
  • when the snowpack is deep

In weak temperature gradients (<10°C/m) sublimation typically moves mass from convex surfaces (points) to concave surfaces (hollows).

Snowflakes and snow fragments

Snowflakes and decomposing precipitation particles.
Sources: Large crystals are from SnowCrystals.com.
Background photograph by E. Akitaya.

Microscope images of eroding snow crystals Source: USDA

Diagram of eroding snowflakes

The compact snow grains that result from the snowflake erosion occupy much less space and result in the increasing density and stability/ strength of the snow pack.



  Diagram of sintering



During the rounding process the particles bond together by forming necks. Sintering is the process by which two particles weld together without a liquid present. Notice that there are bonds or "necks" between the rounded crystals in the right hand image.

 
Rounded and sintering particles
Photographs by E. Akitaya
 
   

Small rounded crystals

Well-rounded crystals with necking between them

 

QUESTION: Why is equi-temperature metamorphism referred to as "destructive"?

Click here for a complete desciption of equi-temperature metamorphism snow grain types.

Click here for more snowflake images.