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Methods
"Active" tracers
- Installation of sampler network (prior to experiment, since associated with hydraulic disturbance)
- Release of fluorescent tracers (point or layer source) and sampling of liquid phase and solid ice at regular intervals
- Fluorometric detection (over >6 orders of magnitude in concentration) or direct mapping of tracer front
- Tracers employed: Fluoresceine (low detection limit, non-adsorptive, decay in UV light on scale of days), Sulforhodamine (medium DL, non-adsorptive, stable), Rhodamine (medium DL, adsorptive, stable)
"Passive" tracers
- Contrast between stable-isotopic composition of snow and sea-ice (d18O of -24.1+/-4.0 ‰ and -1.9+/-0.5 ‰, resp.) may allow for detection of transient snow-melt signal in melt ponds and within the ice matrix
- Derivation of linear mixing model based on snow and ice/water isotopic measurements; sampling of liquid phase and solid ice
Ancillary measurements
- In-situ permeability measurements
- Measurements of ice temperature, salinity (and rudimentary structural stratigraphy)
- Determination of ice surface morphology and associated hydraulic gradients
- Non-invasive ice thickness measurements (in collaboration with W. B. Tucker, CRREL, Hanover, NH)
- Ice ablation measurements (as part of SHEBA sea-ice program)
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